Reviews of "Wild Girls"

Among environmentalists, it’s taken as an article of faith that time spent outdoors can shape people for the best. This supposed power goes far deeper than nature as balm—the pandemic-era meme that “nature is healing,” a fact convincingly confirmed by the latest neuroscience. Environmentalists often make a bigger claim that outdoor experiences, especially childhood outdoor experiences, can cultivate the virtues of independence, resilience, courage, and fortitude—as well as the moral instinct of empathy. The wild, or so the idea goes, can be a crucible of character.

But how does this alchemy work? How do childhood interactions with wind, water, and wild spaces transmute into personal values?

In her captivating new book Wild Girls: How the Outdoors Shaped the Women Who Challenged the Nation, Harvard professor and environmental educator Tiya Miles approaches such ideas via the biographies of female American leaders—enslaved heroines, pathbreaking writers, and Indigenous athletes—who had formative experiences in the wild. “Girl outsiders became trailblazers in their communities and American culture writ large,” Miles argues. “The stories pressed into this book like wildflower petals will show how time spent outside shaped the character of girls who later changed the country.”

Miles’s muse—her north star, you might say—is Harriet Tubman, the once-enslaved woman who led scores of people to freedom along the Underground Railroad and who later became a scout for the Union Army during the Civil War. As Miles shows, Tubman’s daring missions would not have succeeded without her impressive woodcraft, skills she learned as a child forced to work outdoors. Miles, though, seeks to make a bigger case: that Tubman’s love of and experience with nature was the source of her courage and the origin of a deep sense of personal freedom and individual agency that couldn’t be contained by the laws and mores that considered her mere property. As an adult, Tubman would say that she “grew up like a neglected weed.” And weeds, as Miles points out, are “hardy, persistent, and resilient,” and they “have no awareness of bondage and freedom.”

Through their encounters with the forces of nature, Tubman and other enslaved women like Kate Drumgoold, who wrote a brief memoir titled A Slave Girl’s Story, developed a moral intuition that the institution of slavery was unnatural. For many enslaved people, a moment of epiphany came overnight on November 12 and 13, 1833, when the Leonid meteor storm seemed to pour stars down upon the earth, as if the firmament was coming undone. The spectacle was mind-blowing. “For both girls,” Miles writes, “the sky above could be a source of comfort and terror, even as it offered ultimate proof that human masters did not control the earth and everything upon it.” The stars may have liberated Harriet Tubman’s mind before she herself liberated her body.

Close encounters with nature also helped mold the values and worldviews of some white girls in the North who would grow up to become abolitionists and suffragists, Miles argues. One of the most famous of these was the author and activist Louisa May Alcott, who wrote Little Women. Alcott grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, the epicenter of the transcendentalist intellectual scene and abolitionist politics; Henry David Thoreau was her sometime tutor and frequent companion. But if abolitionist sentiment was in the water of mid-19th-century Concord, even the most free-thinking men had very firm ideas of a woman’s place—and that place was usually the kitchen.

Alcott, a self-described tomboy, rebelled against such gender norms at an early age. Her rebellion took place outdoors. As she would later recall, she loved to “run wild, learning of nature what no books could teach.” Walden Pond and the woods surrounding Concord were places unbound by Victorian sensibilities, and lack of adult surveillance provided the freedom of gender fluidity. “By plunging outside, seizing the ‘rough and tumble’ of life and circumventing gender norms, Louisa May Alcott found a unique authorial voice,” Miles writes. That author’s most memorable creation was Jo March, the central figure of Little Women, who Miles calls “a revolutionary character and a proto-feminist figure.” It’s widely understood that Jo is a stand-in for Alcott herself. The much-beloved “gender rebel” that is Jo March was born of one girl’s mud-splattered childhood.

Miles goes on to profile another set of gender rebels: a group of Indigenous young women who, at the turn of the last century, garnered national fame for their unmatched skill at the then-new game of basketball. If white women’s lives in the 19th century were constricted by gender bias, Native women’s experience was doubly so—gender bias compounded by racial animus and the drive to “civilize” Indigenous people. The most repressive manifestation of these forces were the infamous Indian boarding schools, where Indigenous children suffered through daily routines and physical abuse marked by military precision. At the Fort Shaw Indian School in Montana, however, a small number of Indigenous young women (Blackfeet, Lakota, Dakota, and Métis) found a measure of liberation via basketball as they came to learn that “movement was a form of freedom.”

The Fort Shaw basketball team was a phenomenon. Traveling across the Northern Plains and as far away as St. Louis, the all-women’s squad demolished one competitor after another, men’s teams as well as women’s teams. Miles is unflinching about the contradictions of the spectacle; the Fort Shaw basketball players, she says, “performed their own assimilation before white crowds.” Yet she also makes a compelling case that the sport allowed the players to reclaim some portion their female Indigeneity, an identity rooted in a “sense of bold, kinesthetic movement that could belong to girls and women outside.” According to the Dakota educator Ella Deloria, the Native American “great-grandmother seemed to have unusual vitality and endurance; it could not have been otherwise.” On the basketball court, the young women of Fort Shaw got the chance to exhibit some of that vitality and endurance via what Miles calls “a holistic physicality outdoors.” Sport became an expression of resistance.

These are wonderful, inspiring stories, and Miles delivers them with verve. A winner of the National Book Award and a MacArthur fellow, Miles is a scholar’s scholar, and her capsule biographies are rich with detail and spiked with insight and revelation. But, in the end, the stories don’t fully deliver on the promise of the premise that time outdoors is necessarily character-forming. Is it really true that childhood experiences outside were the foundation of these heroines’ adult accomplishments? Correlation isn’t causation, and it seems just as likely that the connection between these women’s achievements and their youthful environs is a case of mere coincidence.

Many of Miles’s stories touch only briefly on her protagonists’ youthful connection to nature, then pivot to the subjects’ broader life histories. The tale of the Native American basketball stars is especially thin in this respect. We hear of “prairie girls” that expressed a “rhetoric of wildness,” but it’s a thin reed on which to hang the larger argument.

It seems to me that the biggest hurdle to proving a nature-and-character connection is the timeframe of this book. In the 19th century, just about every American girl—regardless of geography, class, ethnicity, or formal citizenship status—spent their girlhoods in intimate contact with wild nature. That’s just how people lived; when the 1860 census was conducted, 80 percent of Americans resided in rural areas. Some of them—Tubman, Alcott—may have had ecstatic experiences that broadened their horizons or radicalized their vision. Most did not. For many girls, we can reliably imagine, a woodland may have been a sanctuary … until some man’s axe offered an all-too-real lesson in submission.

The most convincing examples of radicalization-through-nature come in Miles’s unfortunately short conclusion. She shares three stories from the 20th century, a period when time outside was becoming truly unusual enough to pop out as a signal amid the noise. The Chinese American activist Grace Lee Boggs, it turns out, had some of her most formative experiences in urban greenfields and at the seashore. United Farm Workers cofounder Dolores Huerta was a Girl Scout who in the 1940s went on multiracial camping trips in the Sierra Nevada. The foundation for Octavia Butler’s radical idea of Earthseed was established on her grandmother’s chicken ranch.

More contemporary stories like those would’ve helped demonstrate Miles’s larger point—and still they might not have made the case. At the start, I suggested that nature’s influence on character may be a case of transmutation. If so, then proving such causation will always be elusive. Alchemy resists explanation.

At the very least, we know this: Allowing more kids to spend more time playing and exploring outside is a good worth pursuing, because who knows where such opportunities might lead. As always, some kids will find the outdoors too messy, too boring. And as always, other kids will discover places where they can truly be free, where they can find themselves, and where they might even run the first paces toward making history.

— By Jason Mark. Read this full review as it appears in Sierra magazine.